WEEK 9:
REVIEW FOR THE 2ND TEST
Well, today we’ll review for the test
on March 20. The more effective way to review is to just go over the test that
I gave two years ago. See if you can answer the questions. Here we go:
POLITICAL ANALYSIS, 2022, TEST 2
1.
(20 points) What is the MODE and the MEDIAN for each of the
following distributions (don’t knows are omitted from these polls and
distributed across the other categories). You may just write the one-word answers, Mode and Median next to the
appropriate categories. You should have two answers for each question (A-J), so
each answer is worth 1 point.
A. 2021 GSS national
study: How much do you trust the news media (trichotomized):
Little trust (0-2 categories) = 41%
Some trust (3-7 categories) = 52%
Much trust (8-10 categories) = 7%
B. 2021 GSS
national study: Do police treat whites better, blacks better, or both about the
same?
Whites better (1-2 categories) = 56%
Both about the same (3-5 categories) = 43%
Blacks better (6-7 categories) = 1%
C.
2021 GSS national study: How important is religion to you?
Very Important =
30%
Somewhat Important = 27%
Not Too Important = 18%
Not Important at all =
25%
D. 2021 GSS
national study: (Income Inequality) Government should fix income differences.
Strongly agree =
21%
Somewhat agree =
28%
Undecided/indifferent = 22%
Somewhat Disagree = 15%
Strongly disagree =
14%
E. 2021 GSS national study: Ideological self-identification
Liberal
(left of center) = 31%
Moderate
(center) = 37%
Conservative
(right of center) = 32%
F. 2020 NES national study: Interest in following the political campaigns.
Very interested = 49%
Somewhat interested = 37%
Not much interested = 14%
G. 2020 NES national study: Defense spending preferences
Decrease spending = 25%
Keep same or no opinion = 36%
Increase spending = 39%
H. 2020
NES national study: Are tougher
regulations on business needed to protect environment, or are they too much of
a burden on businesses? 7-point scale, trichotomized.
Regulate to
protect the environment = 49%
Indifferent or no
opinion = 30%
Regulations too
burdensome to business = 21%
I.
2020 NES national study: Do you agree or
disagree with this statement: “This country would be better off if we just
stayed home and did not concern ourselves with problems in other parts of the
world.”
Strongly agree = 13%
Somewhat agree = 15%
Somewhat disagree = 33%
Strongly disagree = 39%
J.
2020 NES national study: Political Correctness
(ordinal scale, 4 categories)
The way people talk needs to change a lot = 21%
The way people talk needs to change a little = 24%
People are a little too easily offended = 27%
People are much too easily offended = 28%
2.
(14 points) 2020 NES national study: This is an
ideological self-identification scale coded as:
1-
Extremely Liberal
2-
Liberal
3-
Slightly Liberal
4-
Moderate
5-
Slightly Conservative
6-
Conservative
7-
Extremely Conservative
The following are the mean values for the following:
Average American’s own ideology = 4.2
Perception of Democrat Joe Biden = 2.8
Perception of Republican Donald Trump = 5.49
Perception of the Democratic Party = 2.4
Perception of the Republican Party = 5.6
Answer each of the following questions in words. The average person’s perception of whom is between what category and what category, but closer to what category (for example).
A. What is the average American’s perception of Joe Biden’s ideology?
B. What is the average American’s perception of Donald Trump’s ideology?
C. What is the average American’s perception of the Democratic Party’s ideology?
D. What is the average American’s perception of the Republican Party’s ideology?
E. What is the average American’s own ideological self-identification?
F. What candidate or party is viewed as the most liberal of the four perceptions?
G. What candidate or party is viewed as the most conservative of the four perceptions?
3. (8 points) What is the range for each of the following scales?
A. Life expectancy ranges from a high of 82 in Hawaii to a low of 75 in West Virginia and Mississippi
B. Household income ranges from a high of $87,000 in Maryland to a low of $46,000 in Mississippi
C. Happiness index (https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/happiest-states) ranges from a high of 68 in Hawaii to a low of 33 in West Virginia
D. Pollution rankings range from a top score of 1 for Vermont to a low score of 50 for Louisiana (https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/rankings/natural-environment/pollution)
4. (8 points) For each of the following four examples, which race is more divided in its attitudes, whites or blacks? These data are from the 2020 NES national study.
A. Party identification.
Variance of blacks is 2.38
B. Job approval rating of President Trump.
Variance of whites is 1.92
Variance of blacks is .59
C. How often do police officers use more force than necessary?
Variance of whites is .71
Variance of blacks is 1.02
D. How much discrimination there is in the U.S. against blacks.
Variance of whites is 1.14
Variance of blacks is .75
5. (15 points) A researcher is studying how age differences may affect political attitudes or one’s behavior or experiences. Using the national 2020 NES poll, she generates the following five tables based on testing the relationship between age and an issue attitude, perception, or behavior. Columns total 100% down each column. For each of these tables, write the hypothesis showing the direction of the relationship between the two variables.
|
18-39 |
40-59 |
60-80 |
|
|
Very |
45% |
55% |
59% |
|
Moderate |
37% |
35% |
31% |
|
Slight or None |
18% |
10% |
10% |
|
National
Identity: Importance of Speaking English |
18-39 |
40-59 |
60-80 |
|
Very Important |
35% |
48% |
59% |
|
Fairly |
36% |
34% |
31% |
|
Not Important |
29% |
18% |
10% |
|
18-39 |
40-59 |
60-80 |
|
|
Biden |
64% |
51% |
53% |
|
Trump |
36% |
49% |
47% |
|
How
Widespread is Corruption among U.S. Politicians |
18-39 |
40-59 |
60-80 |
|
Very Widespread |
78% |
72% |
66% |
|
Not Very Widespread |
22% |
28% |
34% |
|
Should
Wedding Business Owners be Permitted to Refuse to Serve Same Sex Couples
Because of Their Religious Beliefs? |
18-39 |
40-59 |
60-80 |
|
Yes |
44% |
52% |
56% |
|
No |
56% |
48% |
44% |
6. (10
points) A researcher did a study of the 2020 Presidential Vote between Trump
and Biden. She derived the following GAMMA values depicting the strength of the
bivariate relationships between each demographic variable or political attitude
and the vote direction.
Those
gamma values are:
Age and
the presidential vote = .15
Ideological
self-identification and the presidential vote = .91
Party
identification and the presidential vote = .93
Race
and the presidential vote = -.87
Sex and
the presidential vote = -.08
A. Which
of these five factors is MOST important in shaping the
presidential vote?
B. Which of these five factors is SECOND
MOST important in shaping the presidential vote?
C. Which
of these five factors is THIRD MOST important in shaping the presidential vote?
D. Which of these five factors is FOURTH
MOST important in shaping the presidential vote?
E. Which
of these five factors is LEAST important in shaping the presidential vote?
6. (25 points) (25 points) Please study the following three bivariate tables and four multivariate tables, and answer each of the lettered questions. This info is drawn from the 2020 NES. A 5% difference or higher constitutes statistical significance; otherwise, there is no relationship between the variables. Percentages total 100% down each column. N sizes are not provided, since they are all sufficiently large for the analysis. This info bears on the model (race affects annual family income; income affects the presidential vote; race affects presidential vote):
Income
Race
Presidential Vote
BIVARIATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RACE AND 2020 PRESIDENTIAL VOTE:
|
Presidential Vote |
Whites |
African Americans |
|
Biden Vote |
45% |
92% |
|
Trump Vote |
55% |
8% |
A. What is the direction of the relationship between race and presidential vote (use wording like a hypothesis)?
BIVARIATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RACE AND INCOME:
|
Family Income |
Whites |
African Americans |
|
Low (Under $45,000) |
22% |
47 |
|
Medium (Between $45-99,000) |
31% |
29 |
|
High (Over $100,000) |
47% |
24 |
B. What is the direction of the relationship between race and family income (use wording like a hypothesis)?
BIVARIATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCOME AND 2020 PRESIDENTIAL VOTE:
|
Presidential Vote |
Low Income |
Medium Income |
High Income |
|
Biden Vote |
59% |
54% |
55% |
|
Trump Vote |
41% |
46% |
45% |
C. Is there any statistically significant relationship between income and vote (comparing the two extreme income categories), and if so, what is the direction of the relationship)?
MULTIVARIATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RACE AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTE (for the low income only):
|
Presidential Vote |
Whites |
African Americans |
|
Biden Vote |
42% |
98% |
|
Trump Vote |
58% |
2% |
D. What is the direction of the relationship between race and presidential vote (use wording like a hypothesis) among the low income?
MULTIVARIATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RACE AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTE (for the medium income only):
|
Presidential Vote |
Whites |
African Americans |
|
Biden Vote |
44% |
93% |
|
Trump Vote |
56% |
7% |
E. What is the direction of the relationship between race and presidential vote (use wording like a hypothesis) among the medium income?
MULTIVARIATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RACE AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTE (for the high income only):
|
Presidential Vote |
Whites |
African Americans |
|
Biden Vote |
49% |
88% |
|
Trump Vote |
51% |
12% |
F. What is the direction of the relationship between race and presidential vote (use wording like a hypothesis) among the high income?
MULTIVARIATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCOME AND 2020 PRESIDENTIAL VOTE (for whites only):
|
Presidential Vote |
Low Income |
Medium Income |
High Income |
|
Biden Vote |
42% |
44% |
49% |
|
Trump Vote |
58% |
56% |
51% |
G. Is there any significant relationship between income and vote among whites, and if so, what is the direction of the relationship)?
MULTIVARIATE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCOME AND 2020 PRESIDENTIAL VOTE (for blacks only):
|
Presidential Vote |
Low Income |
Medium Income |
High Income |
|
Biden Vote |
98% |
93% |
88% |
|
Trump Vote |
2% |
7% |
12% |
H. Is there any significant relationship between income and vote among African Americans, and if so, what is the direction of the relationship)?
I. So which factor is consistently important in shaping the presidential vote, in terms of having the same direction of the relationship? Is it Race, Income, Both, or Neither?