SHAFFER AND CHRESSANTHIS, ACCOUNTABILITY AND U.S. SENATE ELECTIONS, WESTERN POLITICAL QUARTERLY, SEPTEMBER 1991.
Election-Specific Factors
Previous
Election Margin
(of incumbent)
Primary
Election Margin
.18
(of incumbent)
.20
Challenger
Campaign Spending
(per capita) -.64
Incumbent
Campaign Spending .14
(per capita)
Senate Vote Results
National
Factors (%
for incumbent)
.21 R2 = 70%
Presidential Coattails
(in pres. elect. years)
Party of President -.17
(hurts in midterm yrs)
.15
State Characteristics
State Party Id
0
Performance and Ideology
of Incumbent
Note: Path coefficients are Betas or standardized regression coefficients.